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Posts Tagged ‘ecology’

As it is known, the progress in material goods production is uniquely linked to the success of the energy base. By the middle of the 21st century, when the population of the globe apparently stabilize on a point of approximately 10 billion people, energy demand per capita will reach about 105 kW • h per year, and the power of the world’s energy supply – 1010 kW. Today, world energy system is mainly based on non-renewable energy resources such as coal, oil, gas, peat or uranium. However, it is clear that we will not be able to achieve a substantial increase in energy consumption based on these resources as their stocks are limited, and because of the adverse effects of these fuels on the environment. So scientists have turned their gazes to solar energy long time ago. Some projects involve different methods of solar energy transformation into electricity in space, distribution and delivery of it on Earth.

The efficiency of terrestrial solar energy conversion to electricity depends on their efficiency and the annual number of sunny days. 20 years ago the efficiency of silicon solar cells was equal to 15%. The efficiency of today’s GaAs element with three transitions is 34%, while promising devices with four conversions will probably be of 42% (theoretical value of the efficiency of four-element reaches approximately 50%). Today, 1 kg of solar panels provides 300 Watts. Capital cost for the panels of solar cells production has decreased from $ 50 to $ 5 / W in comparison to 80s, and the cost of energy consumption dropped from 0.9 to 0.2 $ / kW • h.

To overcome the dependence on weather conditions the project of creation of space solar plant located on the HIS, was advanced in the late 70′s, with the transfer of power to Earth using microwave radiation to Rectenna (that is antenna with built-in rectifier). The project was being elaborated on all components of the system, but has remained as just an interesting suggestion: although the station would be able to transfer 10 GW, which is equivalent to the output power of 10 nuclear power stations, the cost of the components raising on the satellite would have been $ 22 / g, and the mass of the satellite would have been 90 tons. Today, the picture changed. U.S. experts proposed major developments of such plants in the 35th Conference on Energy Conversion (IECEC) in July 2000.

According to these experts, new technology involving the use of high-performance solar cells, high-power semiconductor converters and magnetron generators, is capable to reduce the mass of the station significantly. Reusable transport aircraft invented by NASA, will reduce the cost of the components lifting into low Earth orbit to $2,2 / g (that is to say, in future it can reach 88 cents / g). Satellite solar power can be raised from low Earth orbit to geostationary one with the ion engine, fed by solar panels. The concept of an integrated symmetric concentrator (ISC) will reduce the mass of the controlling and power distribution system on the satellite, which constitutes a significant proportion of the mass of the whole station.

Be smart and use the aid of solar power grants to convert your life to better ecological balance with nature. Read about solar power grants, how to make proper use of them and where you can find these solar power grants.

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The number of conflicts in the world that are caused by the energy needs increases today. Gradually, the amount of oil, gas and coal in the world decreases, and their consumption is increasing, particularly in developed countries. Most of them have spent their own stocks. And now, they are dependent on third countries that play on this and continuously raise the cost of raw materials that leads to higher prices, both on domestic and international markets. Accordingly, the problem begins with the socio-political situation. Governments of the largest energy consumers try to seize the places of raw materials extraction in order to avoid the crisis. It is not seldom leads to military conflicts.

Scientists estimate that hydrocarbon fuel will remain on the Earth during next 60 – 100 years, but it is a promising issue. At the moment the relevance lies in the fact that modern forms of energy change environmental conditions on the planet intensively, and unfortunately these changes are negative. The changes have become irreversible, and this often leads to casualties. Today the world uses over 12 billion kWh of energy annually. Such percentage is in materials using for energy production as: coal – 26 %, gas – 20 %, oil – 42 %, water energy – 4 %, nuclear energy – 5 %, and this leads to emissions of hundreds of thousands of tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere. As we see, we get most of the energy from fossil fuels.

Nuclear energy, which was considered recently as no alternative source of future, is almost at the top of the list of negative impacts on the environment due to constant threats of radioactive substances releases and as a consequence of long-term large adjacent territories pollution. Statistics show that almost all the energy is produced from minerals, and this makes 97%. And what is included in the other 3 %?

This is alternative energy – solar, wind, geothermal, installations that use the force of the tides etc. So the more and more attention and money are invested in innovative clean energy all over the world. The possibilities of solar energy converting into electricity` research and application in practice are being conducted extensively at this time.

Solar energy is the most environmentally friendly one and has infinite resource stock. Viability of this type of energy is confirmed by multimillion-dollar investments of oil giants such as UK-Dutch Royal Dutch / Shell Company, which has its research and development of alternative energy. It is going to invest amounts between $ 500 million to $ 1 billion annually in solar energy. Silicon is used for manufacture of solar cells. Because of the high cost of this material production, the first batteries were unprofitable. But we know that the progress does not stand still and every year the cost of it significantly reduces.

As for now, the payback of solar panels is more than 20 – 30 years, and the cost of 1 kW / m power obtained with the help of the sun’s rays is higher than that obtained from traditional energy sources. But solar energy is fully competitive in remote places or sites where electricity consumption is relatively high.

Be smart and use the aid of solar power grants to convert your life to enhanced ecological balance with nature. Read about solar power grants, how to use them and where you can get these solar power grants.

P.S. Quality knowledge quickly enhances the quality of our life.

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U.S. Internet giant Google is concerned about the lack of facilities for investment in environmental technology. It is also announced that the company is already developing a system that will allow reducing of costs for the construction of solar plants up to one-quarter. In 2007, the Google management board announced its plans to invest in the company and to conduct their own research in the field of alternative energy during further next few years. The relevant unit within the company focused on developing technologies for heliostats – solar stations, which use a system of mirrors for the storage of solar energy and evaporation of the liquid to produce steam, which then turns a turbine generator to provide energy.

According to current head of the company’s Ecoenergetics department Bill Vail, just now Google searches new materials for the heliostats to increase the efficiency of their performance and durability.

According to him, the company develops technologies, through which the construction of solar plants will cost a quarter less. Google plans to show them in a few months.

Usually, the structure of cost of a watt of energy capital costs amount to 2.5 – 4 dollars. That is to say, the installation of the plant with a capacity of 250 megawatts would cost between $ 600 million to 1 billion dollars. Thus, it turns out that the cost of electricity is 12-18 cents per kW / h.

Another trend, which Google also runs is technologies for gas turbines, which will run on solar energy, rather than natural gas. New ways will also help to reduce the cost of generated energy.

Within two or three years, the company will demonstrate a pilot grid of high-power scale, which can be used for mass production. With the help of the cost of electricity should be reduced to 5 cents per kW / h. Thus, the cost of alternative energy produced from the use of this system, decrease in 2.5 – 3.5 times.

In 2007, representatives of Google, announcing the program called “Renewable Energy Cheaper Than Coal”, which had the aim to reduce the cost of electricity below the price of coal per kilowatt – hour, indicated the following price horizon of alternative energy: the use of alternative sources of energy cost per kilowatt hour for the end user, ideally should not exceed 3 dollar cents. At the same time the company announced its intention to invest hundreds of millions of dollars in the development of methods of solar power production, so as wind and other forms of energy from alternative sources.

The company had to invest about $ 50 million in the program on alternative power over the past two years. These funds were invested in, including in dealing with solar energy company eSolar and BrightSolar, which, however, are not engaged in the development of equipment and mirror systems for solar plants. Generally, there are not so many companies that operate in the field of alternative energy.

In recent years the market of solar energy has been growing up to 30 % annually. According to research of firm called Lux Research (USA), the total size of the solar energy market in last year amounted to 33.3 billion dollars, or about 5 GW.

Be smart and use the help of solar power grants to convert your life to better ecological balance with nature. Read about solar power grants, how to make proper use of them and where you can get these solar power grants.

P.S. Quality knowledge makes life easier.

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The main component of the flat collector is a copper absorber with selective coating, which provides a high level of absorption of solar energy and low emission of thermal energy. Copper tube is installed at absorber and coolant flows through the former. It may be water or some non-freezing liquid, which takes heat from the absorber and simultaneously with circulating through the coil, it accumulates in the accumulation tank (the tank with water).

The absorber body is protected by a collector with a reinforced insulation that also minimizes heat loss. The amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface of the solar collector reaches its maximum only at noon when the sun is at its zenith. Speaking about morning and evening, sunlight falls on it at an angle, and the amount of absorbed solar radiation decreases.

Flat collectors do not work in winter, because even with a two-system` antifreeze, the maximum allowable operating temperature is about -5 ° C. With further lowering loses of heat reduce the result to a level of zero. The more solar collectors absorb solar energy and the less they lose it, the more efficient the system will work. Efficiency of the collector shows what percentage of solar radiation that falls on its base surface, can be converted into useful thermal output. This indicator is volatile and can be determined only in the specific operating conditions in a single moment in time. The lower the temperature to which you want to heat the water, the more efficiency is. Modern flat solar collector work with an average working efficiency of 50%, more obsolete models work with 20-40% of it.

And now we will compare flat collectors with those of high-vacuum tubes type. Their employment is based on a simple principle of a heat pipe, which is a hollow brass rod, soldered at both ends with the extension in the upper part. Non-toxic reagent is inside of it; it evaporates during boiling and in the form of vapor rises into the upper part – into the tip, where the temperature can reach 250 ° C. And it is condensed there, giving warmth, and condensate flows down the walls of the tube, and the process repeats then.

Heat removal can be carried out in different ways, for example, directly from the tip through the glass, soldered to the pipe through which the solar fluid flows. In a closed-circuit it can be freezing liquid-based glycol (warmth comes to storing tank), in an open system it may water (it goes directly into the boiler). Whatever it were, immediately after the absorption the heat is given to the coolant and does not go into the environment. This is the key difference between heat pipes and flat solar collectors.

The effectiveness of heat pipes with U-shaped tubes (the most simple, used in tubular systems) is a cut above that of flat collectors. Due to its cylindrical form, they work fine during the day, because their surface is always illuminated by the sun. This results in a stable energy at different angles of incidence of sunlight. The tubes are well protected from the adverse effects of nature (hail, wind and other things), but in any case, such systems also have weaknesses.

Be smart and use the aid of solar power grants to convert your life to better ecological balance with nature. Read about solar power grants, how to make proper use of them and where you can apply for these solar power grants.

P.S. Quality information makes life easier.

That is why if you are properly armed with the information in your sphere of interest you can rest assured that you will in any case find the way out from any bad situation. So, please make sure to track this site on a regular basis or – best of all – sign up to its RSS. In such an easy way you will have your hand on the pulse of the freshest info updates here. Blogging can be helpful, you just need to understand how to use it.

The Sun is the source of life and hard killer simultaneously. It gives the opportunity to be born and grow up for every living organism on Earth during several billion years. Man began to think seriously about sunshine “taming” technology only in the last century. The question how to make the sun work for us, how to make the process of the sun’s rays energy extracting simple, cost effective and cheap?

The year 1883 is considered to be the year of the solar energy era birth. However, not all people think so. There is a perception in the scientific world that the “father” of the solar energy epoch is the great Albert Einstein. In 1921, Einstein was awarded with the Nobel Prize. Many people believe that a great scholar of 20th century was awarded due to his rationale formulated theory of relativity, but it is not true. It turns out that the physicist got the prize for an explanation of the photoemission laws.

Over a hundred years a man could see a development of the industry experienced sharp rises of private and public institutions investment that were stimulated with scientists. But the history knows the bitter falls, that prompted the society to forget about “solar technology” for years.

Is solar energy ideal from a technical and economic point of view? Unfortunately, it is not quite. We will try to highlight the main advantages and disadvantages of this extraction of energy method.

Let us start with the positive sides. Firstly, mention that the “raw”, that is to say sunlight, will never end. Another advantage of solar energy is its accessibility, as the sun shines in the south and west, in Africa and Europe.

There is the controversial question of absolute security of these technologies for the environment. Of course, it is not a nuclear power or oil and gas. But at this stage of the “solar” technology development, harmful substances are used in manufacture of a battery, which in any way can harm nature. Ready-made designs (photovoltaics) contain toxic substances such as lead, cadmium, gallium and arsenic.

With regard to the life of transducers (30-50 years), the problem of the subsequent processing of its obsolete modules arises. And the problem of their utilization has not yet been solved. The obvious disadvantage of the process of extraction of energy is the so-called variability. The solar system is not able to work at night; and the effectiveness of the stations fall for several times in the evening and within morning twilight.
Weather factors affect here seriously. Many complain about the comparing high cost of solar cells, the lack of effectiveness in terms of cost and payback (for the nowadays). A problem of technical support and service becomes the pitfalls of the modern “solar farms” functioning.
The developers claim that the intense heating of the solar cells significantly reduces the effectiveness of the system in general, so that this should include the organization of the modules cooling. Also, solar cells must be periodically cleaned from dust and dirt.

Be smart and use the aid of solar power grants to convert your life to better ecological balance with nature. Read about solar power grants, how to make proper use of them and where you can apply for these solar power grants.

P.S. Good info makes life easier.

Due to this if you are properly armed with the knowledge in your topic you can be sure that you will always find the solution to any bad situation. So, please make sure to track this blog on a regular basis or – best of all – sign up to its RSS feed. In such an easy way you will have your hand on the pulse of the freshest informational updates here. Blogs can be helpful, you just need to understand how to use it.

In terms of its energy characteristics algae is much greater than other sources.
200 thousand hectares of ponds can produce fuel sufficient for the annual consumption of 5% of U.S. automobiles. 200 thousand hectares – is less than 0.1% of U.S. land suitable for cultivation of algae.
However, algae that contain larger amounts of oil grow more slowly. For example, algae, containing 80% of oil grow every 10 days, whereas, algae, containing 30% grow 3 times a day.
Production of algae is also attractive by the fact that during the biosynthesis carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere.
However, the main technological difficulty lies in the fact that algae are sensitive to changes in temperature, which therefore must be maintained at a certain level (sharp daily fluctuations are not allowed).
Lack of effective tools for collecting algae in large quantities also prevents the commercial application of algae as a fuel today. It is also necessary to determine the most effective oil types for collecting.
Technology of algae growing
U.S. Department of Energy has studied the algae with high oil content within the program named “Aquatic Species Program”. The researchers concluded that California, Hawaii and New Mexico are suitable for industrial production of algae in open ponds. Algae were growing in ponds with total area of 1000 m2 during 6 years. Pond in New Mexico has shown high efficiency in the capture of CO2. The yield was more than 50 grams of algae from 1 m2 per day.
There is the technology of cultivation algae in small bioreactors located near power plants in addition to algae growing in open ponds. Waste heat of heat power plant is able to cover 77% of heat demand, which is needed for the cultivation of algae. This technology does not require a hot desert climate.
Bio King Company started serial production of patented bioreactors for cultivation of algae, suitable for immediate use, which include fast-growing algae with high oil content.
Spanish scientists found a type of algae that are able to reproduce much faster than other biological counterparts under the certain lighting conditions. Taking into consideration the fact that each cubic meter of water contains up to 300 specimens of algae in the open sea, it is amazing that the researchers have reached the number of 200 million specimens from the same cubic meter of water.
Microalgae grow in a plastic cylinder with 70 cm diameter and 3 m length. The algae reproduce by dividing. They are being divided every 12 hours, and the water in the cylinder transforms into a green compact mass gradually. The contents of the cylinder is subjected to centrifuging once a day. The balance is approximately one hundred percent of biofuel. Saturated with fat part of this mass is converted into biodiesel, and carbohydrates into ethanol.
Such companies as Shell and HR Biopetroleum intend to build pilot plant on the Hawaiian Islands to obtain oil from microalgae and to process it into biofuels further.
So, microalgae could be a real alternative to the classic types of fuel in future.

Be smart and use the help of solar power grants to convert your life to better ecological balance with nature. Read about solar power grants, how to use them and where you can find these solar power grants.

P.S. Good info makes life easier.

That is why if you are properly armed with the info in your topic you can be sure that you will in any case find the way out from any bad situation. So, please make sure to get back to this site on a regular basis or – an ideal solution for you – sign up to its RSS. Thus you will have a direct shortcut to the freshest info updates here. Blogging can be helpful, you just need to know how to use it.

At present, Japan has to import 80% of the energy it needs, including 100% of oil. And it is despite the fact that the oil is used for 51.8% of the total energy developed in the country. 17,9% of the energy is produced with coal, 13.1% with natural gas, 12,4% with nuclear power, 3,4% with hydropower, 1.1% with the other energy sources (solar, wind and biomass).

Despite the wealth of the country’s with hot springs, the share of geothermal energy is only 0,2% of the total evolved energy. There are 16 geothermal power plants in Japan, the total production capacity of them reaches 530 MW.

Small experimental geothermal power plants were built in the field of volcanic activity in Japan in 1925-1926. The idea of their construction was based on the fact that volcanoes were characterized by strong heat, the selection of which could be observed during their eruptions. However, these experiments were unsuccessful.
The first commercial geothermal power plant was put into operation in this country in 1966 in Matsukave. This station of 23 MW appeared after try of spa organizing in the neighbourhood in 1953. It turned out that steam was found at depths of 160-300 m in most of drilled wells. The hot steam is being produced from the five existing wells at a pressure of 4.4 bar and under the temperature of 153-1900 o C.
I would like to point out that Japan is moving away from geothermal energy. It is connected with the fact that the station are located in the area of natural reserves there. Together with the steam hydrogen sulfide is emitted into the atmosphere. It has an unpleasant odor and is harmful to environment of the reserve. The authorities have imposed restrictions on the emission of volcanic origin hydrogen sulfide into the atmosphere. Violators are forced to pay huge fines or completely refuse from stations.

Broad construction of new environmentally friendly geothermal plants is constrained by their high cost.

At the same time many examples of unusual use of thermal waters can be found in Japan.

The snow is being melted on the road with geothermal energy. There are several ways to do this. For example, steam is being passed through pipes laid under the road in Kusatsu-machi. And special liquid heated deep in the Earth is being poured onto the roads in Hanamaki.

Cakes named as Manzo are often made and sold on resorts with thermal waters. Now most of them are made in factories, but in the old days they were prepared on steam, which rose above the basin with hot water.

Thermal springs are used for heating greenhouses with various fruits and vegetables. At Atagava spas such tropical plants as bananas and Bougainville grow. There is also elephant turtles and crocodiles breeding.
Therefore, Japan focuses on the development of solar power, wind and other renewable energies now.

So, we can see that Japan always uses all opportunities to develop as it has been happening during last many decades. Its example as the country, which always works for innovations and has got enough patience to feel the feed back can show other countries better ways of moving to.

Be smart and use the help of solar power grants to convert your life to better ecological balance with nature. Read about solar power grants, how to use them and where you can find these solar power grants.

P.S. Quality knowledge quickly enhances the quality of our life.

That is why if you are properly armed with the information in your topic you can be sure that you will in any case find the way out from any bad situation. So, please make sure to track this site on a regular basis or – the easiest way to take care of it – sign up to its RSS feed. Thus you will have a direct shortcut to the latest info updates here. Blogging can be helpful, you just need to understand how to use it.

About 44% of the total energy produced in Brazil comes from renewable sources.

Brazil was the world sugar cane’s ethanol production leader during long time. After the ethanol boom in the world in 2006, Brazil was also the largest exporter of it. Brazil produces around 17 billion liters of ethanol every year and exports about 2.0 billion liters of ethanol. The share of renewable fuels makes approximately 20% of everything that is in use of transportation in Brazil.

In the 70s of the 20th century, in the midst of the First Middle East oil crisis, the Brazilian government launched a program of the use of alcohol for fuel purposes (National Fuel Alcohol Program). In general, it turned out relatively easy to implement this program because Brazil is still the world’s largest producer of sugar from sugar cane. Nevertheless, the federal government helps private businesses to work within this program, including method of various tax incentives and preferences. Mandatory content of ethanol in gasoline at the level of 20% – 25% is one of other methods, which producers of ethanol in Brazil are supported by. Given the fact that Brazil sold more than 600 thousand new cars within the calendar year 2005, there is a really huge market for bio-ethanol production.
Bio-ethanol is made of sugar cane in Brazil. It is an ideal raw material for hydrocarbon (alcohol) producing through the fermentation. One ton of sugar cane contains 145 kg of dry hydrocarbon (bagasse) and 138 kg of sucrose (that is to say sugar). All the cane is fully used in the production of ethanol from sugar cane, that allows you to produce 72 liters of ethanol from one ton of cane.
Currently, all car companies are obliged to produce Brazil’s cars with ethanol based engines in a ratio of 70 to 30, that is to say 7 out of ten new cars must be designed for armored mixture. Over 75% of Brazilian cars are hybrid, that is to say can be run at any concentration of ethanol and gasoline in the mixture. The incentive for consumers from using ethanol is its cheap price, which is provided by state subsidies.

The possibility of substantial expansion of exports of Brazilian bio-ethanol to Canada is being considered to be implemented in the near future. The import tax is only 4.92 Canadian cents per liter in Canada.

Brazil introduced its new diesel program for production and use of biodiesel in Brazil on October 30, 2002. The program is designed for the use of clean and doped with vegetable oils, particularly soy. Also, the Brazilian government passed a law that requires the use of biodiesel in the proportion of 2% until the end of 2007 (about 800 million liters per year) and in the proportions of 20% by 2020 (12 billion liters per year).

There has been no venture capital investment indicated in alternative energy in 2006. This is because of a series of financial crises in the country over the past 25 years that have undermined investor confidence.

However, it is expected that wind energy together with other alternative sources will not take a significant place in the Brazilian market, despite the recent decision to withdraw 60% of import tariff on plants for its receipt.

Be smart and use the aid of solar power grants to convert your life to better ecological balance with nature. Read about solar power grants, how to make proper use of them and where you can apply for these solar power grants.

P.S. Quality info quickly enhances the quality of our life.

Due to this if you are properly armed with the info in your sphere of interest you can be sure that you will always find the way out from any bad situation. So, please make sure to visit this blog on a regular basis or – an ideal solution for you – sign up to its RSS. In such an easy way you will have a direct shortcut to the freshest informational updates here. Blogging can be helpful, you just need to know how to use it.

It is generally known that one of the major factors in the civilization development is the energy sources use. We basically use traditional energy resources, such as – oil or coal and natural gas. This causes great environmental pollution of our common home called Earth. Hundreds of thousands of barrels of oil are being merged into the ocean, millions of tons of carbon dioxide are being emitted into the atmosphere, four hundred nuclear power plants produce tens of tons of radioactive waste.
Moreover, it is not only about pollution. The stocks of these traditional sources are not infinite. Therefore, they are referred to non-renewable energy sources.
Solar energy is widely used for water heating and for electricity production. The solar collectors are made from available materials such as steel, copper, aluminum etc. They are being processed without the use of scarce and expensive silicon. This reduces the cost of equipment and energy produced by it significantly. At present time, in particular, solar water heating is the most effective way of solar energy converting.
In 2001, the cost of electricity produced in solar collectors was $ 0.1 – $ 0.11 per kW • h. U.S. Department of Energy predicts that the cost of electricity produced by solar concentrators will drop to $ 0.38 – $ 0.46 within 2015-2020.
In 2007, Algeria began the construction of hybrid plants. In the daytime electricity is being taken from the parabolic concentrators and from natural gas at night.
Solar collectors can be used in cooking. The temperature in the collector focus may reach 140-150 ° C. These dishes can be widely applied in developing countries. The price of materials used for “solar kitchen” manufacture is about $ 4 – $ 6. Wood is also widely used for cooking in developing countries.
Traditional pockets for cooking have thermal efficiency of about 10%. The use of firewood for cooking leads to massive deforestation. For instance, more than 65 million tons of CO2 gets to the atmosphere from the burning of biomass in India annually. In Uganda, the average monthly household consumes 450 kg of firewood.
While cooking, housewives inhale large amounts of smoke that leads to an increase in the incidence of respiratory tract. According to the World Health Organization in 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Pakistan and Afghanistan 800 thousand children and 500 thousand women died from respiratory disease in 2006.
There are various international programs for solar kitchens` distributing. For instance, Finland and China signed an agreement on delivering of almost 20 000 solar kitchens in 31 villages in China in 2008. This will reduce CO2 emissions by 1.8 million tons in 2008-2012. In the future, Finland will be able to sell quotas for these emissions.
One of Swiss companies has developed a technology for producing hydrogen from water using parabolic solar concentrators. Square of mirror installation is approximately 94 m2. Focus concentrator’s temperature reaches 2100 ° C. Water begins to split into hydrogen and oxygen at temperatures over 1700 ° C. During daylight hours (about 6.5 hours that is to say 6.5 kW • h/m².) more than 94.9 litres of water can split into hydrogen and oxygen on the plant. Hydrogen production will be 3700 kg. annually (about 10 kg. per day).

Be smart and use the help of solar power grants to convert your life to better ecological balance with nature. Read about solar power grants, how to make proper use of them and where you can get these solar power grants.

P.S. Good knowledge makes life easier.

Due to this if you are properly armed with the knowledge in your topic you can rest assured that you will in any case find the solution to any bad situation. So, please make sure to get back to this web site on a regular basis or – the least time consuming way of doing it – sign up to its RSS feed. In such an easy way you will have your hand on the pulse of the freshest info updates here. Blogging can be helpful, you just need to understand how to use it.

The use of large areas of land for power plants with photocells of the first and second generation is needed because of the theoretical limitations in the spectrum transformation into the useful energy (about 30%). For example, it could take several tens of square kilometres for 1 GW power plant. For comparison, hydropower, with the same capacity, takes out from the use significantly larger tracts of land. But the construction of such power solar plants may change the microclimate in the surrounding area, so that photovoltaic power stations of 1-2 MW are usually being installed close to consumers or even as the individual and mobile units. Photoelectric elements of large solar power plants are being installed at a height of 1,8-2,5 m that allows the use of land under the power plants for agricultural purposes such as grazing. The problem of large areas of land finding for solar power could be solved in the case of the solar balloon stations, suitable for both terrestrial and marine, and for high-rise basing.

The flow of solar energy falling on a set at the optimum angle photocell depends on latitude, season and climate and can vary by two times for populated part of land (up to three if sub-Saharan Africa is taken into consideration). Atmospheric phenomena such as clouds, fog, dust etc. not only alter the spectrum and intensity of the solar radiation incident upon the surface of the Earth, but also alter the balance between direct and scattered radiation, which exerts considerable influence on some types of solar power. For example, it may affect concentrators or elements of a wide range conversion.

When solar cells are manufactured, the level of pollution does not exceed the permissible level for enterprises of microelectronic industry. Modern photovoltaic cells have a service life up to 30-50 years. In the process of some types of solar cells manufacturing the use of cadmium bound in compounds aimed to improve the efficiency of transformation, makes a complex issue of recovery. This also has not the acceptable decision from an environmental point of view yet. Although such elements have a slight spread and there a worthy replacement has been found for cadmium compounds in the modern manufacturing.

Recently the production of thin-film solar cells has been developing actively. Solar cells of such type of include only about 1% of silicon in its containing, with as regards to the mass of the substrate on which thin films are applied. Due to the small amount of materials on the absorbing layer, that is to say silicon, thin-film silicon photovoltaic cells cheaper in its production, but still have lower efficiency and fatal degradation characteristics over time. In addition, the production of thin-film photovoltaic cells on the other semiconductor materials is growing, in particular the CIS and CIGS that are worthy competitors to silicon. For example, «Shell» Company decided to concentrate on the production of thin-film elements and sold its business for the production of single-crystal silicon photovoltaic cells in 2005.

Be smart and use the aid of solar power grants to convert your life to enhanced ecological balance with nature. Read about solar power grants, how to make proper use of them and where you can get these solar power grants.

P.S. Good information quickly enhances the quality of our life.

Due to this if you are properly armed with the info in your topic you can be sure that you will always find the solution to any bad situation. So, please make sure to visit this site on a regular basis or – the least time consuming way of doing it – sign up to its RSS. Thus you will have your hand on the pulse of the latest info updates here. Blogging can be helpful, you just need to know how to use it.