Go Greener Tips

The solar vitality source will not be nuclear fusion however magnetic fields from the center of the Galaxy. The solar converts vitality to mass and never mass to energy.

Abstract: The solar vitality source considered a nuclear fusion reactor inside the solar core. The sun isn’t heated by fusion response however by magnetic fields coming from the galactic center. The nuclear fusion is a by product of the magnetic fields heating. The altering magnetic fields from the galactic center induce electric currents contained in the sun that heat the sun. The warmth and the excessive kinetic vitality of particles within the solar core, set off excessive energy collisions that create the primary constituents of matter, electron, proton and neutron. The collisions also fuse or nucleosynthesis heavier elements like deuterium, tritium, helium and lithium. This results in the fact that the stars and galaxies consistently produce mass and energy. The article will explain the clockworks behinds the galaxies energy production. The galaxy power and mass manufacturing cancel out the Huge Bang concept and results in a gradual state cosmological mannequin with large amount of new mass created that increase and accelerate the universe.

Introduction

The newest growth in cosmology particularly the finding that the universe just isn’t solely increasing but in addition accelerating brings again Einstein cosmological constant.

To explain the accelerating universe darkish energy is assumed to repel the galaxies and trigger the acceleration of the universe. The dark energy is based on developments in quantum mechanics that discover huge quantities of vitality in vacuum. The dark vitality and dark matter that explains the rotation curves of galaxies is discovered to be 96% of the universe while the common baryonic matter that the stars and vegetation are construct of is only four%. However there isn’t a experiment achieved on earth or conclusive evidence that proves such darkish matter or dark energy actually exists. This lack of prove can be true for the Big Bang Theory. There is no experiment to show that vacuum can spontaneously explode creating excessive power and mass.

The source of such unintuitive theories, to clarify cosmological commentary, emerges from our misunderstanding of an every day course of that’s taken without any consideration and isn’t questioned. This is our understanding or moderately misunderstanding of the power source of the solar and different stars. There is a historic theory that tries to explain the sun heat based mostly on gravitational energy. According to this concept the sun was created from photo voltaic nebula.

When all of the atoms free fall to the middle of the nebula their velocity was converted into heat. Related concept was proposed in the nineteen century by Lord Kelvin and stated that the solar warmth is from gravitational energy particularly by meteorites falling into the sun.

The current day nuclear theory says that the solar is a nuclear fusion reactor and the heat emerges from fusion of hydrogen atoms to helium. The fused helium is lighter then the hydrogen so the sun converts the mass surplus into energy. Nonetheless there are some difficulties in this model. In every galaxy there are always new born stars. A few of them the blue super giants are 50 times extra massive then the sun and they burn hydrogen much sooner then the sun. This limits their life expectancy to solely about ten million years. If such large stars are born continually, and they burn hydrogen so fast, the hydrogen is burning very quick, so where all the hydrogen is coming from. The interstellar medium does not include a lot hydrogen. The interstellar hydrogen is coming from stars contained in the galaxy in stellar wind, and in supernovae.

The supply of the universe mass and power was a thriller and lead to the creation of the Big Bang theory. The Big Bang concept attempt to clarify that by stating that every one the matter of the universe together with the hydrogen fuel was created on the time of the Huge Bang.

This paper will show that the true mass and power supply of the universe is the galaxy.

Many information that shall be presented here present that the source of the sun warmth is altering magnetic fields or induction. The magnetic fields are coming from the galactic center; they propagate by the galactic disk and warmth all the stars in the disk. The altering magnetic fields create by induction electric currents within the solar plasma. The electrical currents warmth the sun plasma and make the sun shine. Fusion of hydrogen within the solar is a by product of the warmth created by the magnetic fields. At the sun core the immense heat created by the induction currents improve the particle velocity and kinetic energy. As the particles collide their high kinetic energy is transformed to mass by creating new particles in accordance with Einstein equation E=MC2. The solar is just not converting mass into energy but changing vitality into mass.

Most of the observed phenomena on the solar are magnetic so it’s cheap to think that the sun is heated by magnetic induction.

This stars mass creation can clarify where all of the mass within the universe got here from and why the universe is increasing and accelerating. It also can explain how the heavy elements are created in the universe. It is believed that many heavy components are created in supernovae; it is because the fusion of heavy components consumes energy and not produces energy as hydrogen does. Since the energy of the stars is coming from magnetic fields and never from fusion then the nucleosynthesis of heavy components occur in pink giants.

If the celebs produce mass and energy then we will say that the galaxies produce mass and energy. The galaxies are the universe machines to create mass and energy.

If the solar is heated from magnetic fields from the middle of the galaxy, the place the power of the galaxy is coming from? The magnetic fields create mass within the stars, and when this mass is ejected into house as photo voltaic wind, it starts to free fall to the center of the galaxy. The gravitational potential power of the free falling mud and gas is collected by accretion disks of black holes at the galactic center. This gravitational potential vitality is way increased then the power used to create the mass. The accretion disks combined with the dynamo effect create the magnetic fields at the galactic heart that produce extra mass on the stars, and so forth.

If a galaxy is getting larger and heavier all the time sooner or later it’s going to spawn a brand new galaxy. The continuous addition of mass to the galaxy increases the mass of the spiral arms of the galaxy, and increase the arm size and its distance from the galactic center. The stellar wind ejected by the celebs at the distant arm begin to collect domestically at the arm itself until the arm is so heavy it detach from the primary galaxy and have become a satellite galaxy. Many of the footage taken of colliding galaxies or interacting galaxies are actually instances of 1 galaxy spawning another. The spawning of recent galaxies, lead to the enlargement and acceleration of the universe.

Rotation curve

The rotation speed of stars in the galactic disk across the galactic heart should obey Kepler third law. The anticipated stars pace must be proportional to the inverse of the radius squared as proven in Determine 6-(B). Nonetheless statement of assorted galaxies yields a rotation curve that’s virtually flat Determine 6-(A). The usual rationalization for the flat curve relies on the existence of darkish matter that has no luminosity and cannot be seen. The dark matter is submitting the galactic disk far past the celebrities to increases the gravitation in the galaxy.

It’s attainable to clarify the flat rotation curve primarily based on magnetic fields within the galaxy.

I will start first by depicting a well-known experiment. The magnet levitation over a superconductor Figure 1 or the Meissner impact causes a magnet to float in the air when placed over a superconductor. The magnetic area of the magnet induces electro-driver and currents in the superconductor in accordance with Faraday?s law. These currents according to Lenz?s law create magnetic fields within the superconductor that oppose the magnet magnetic fields and due to this fact repel it to make it float and oppose gravity.

If I take a string and tie it to the superconductor I can drag the superconductor slice alongside the table Figure 2. If the magnet is floating on the superconductor and also you drag the superconductor the magnet won’t fall to the table however will follow the superconductor and keep floating on top of it wherever we drag it. This is also an end result of Lenz?s law. The induced currents and magnetic fields of the superconductor will oppose any motion of the magnet above relative to the superconductor.

The hot plasma in the solar and other stars has very low electric resistance.

The resistance of the plasma is much decrease then that of a metal and could be very near that of a superconductor. Nonetheless its resistant just isn’t zero and electrical present contained in the plasma will produce heat. The sun interior isn’t utterly homogonous and there are sections of plasma which have completely different electrical conductivity.

In extra to the property of a superconductor the sun has the property of a magnet. The solar magnetic filed is analogous to the earth magnetic field. The solar has a dipole magnetic discipline, and it’s similar to that of a bar magnet.

One distinctive property of Superconductors is that the magnetic fields inside them are very close to zero. Nevertheless the star plasma has higher then zero conductivity and magnetic fields pass by the plasma to provide heat. Not only that the star high magnetic permeability focus the magnetic fields from area to absorb more energy.

Determine 1: Magnetic Levitation of a magnet over super conductor. The conductivity of the plasma that the celebrities are constructed of is very excessive and near that of a super conductor. The celebs could be imagined as pairs of superconductor and a magnet. This explains how slip within the galactic disk and movement of the celebrities relative to one another, induces electric currents within the stars plasma that is became heat that make the celebs shine. This also explains the repulsion between stars and between galaxies.

Determine 2: When you take a superconductor and place a magnet on it, the magnet will hover above the superconductor. Suppose when the magnet is hovering you connect a string to the superconductor and drag the superconductor on the table. The magnet will keep hovering above the superconductor and can comply with the superconductor. This demonstrates that the celebs resist slip of the galactic disk and that resistance creates induction currents within the stars and heats them.

Superconductor and magnet mannequin of the celebs

Knowing that a star consists of plasma with low resistance and has a magnetic field of a magnetic dipole, counsel a model of the solar and stars. The star in response to this model has the combined properties of a superconductor and a magnet Determine 3. The celebrities will subsequently behave equally to the magnet and superconductor within the Meissner effect. A star will oppose the movement of close by star. When, for instance a primary star transfer toward a second star, the first star magnetic discipline will induce currents in the second star. In keeping with Lenz?s law these currents will produce magnetic fields in the second star that will oppose the magnetic fields and movement of the first star. The immune to motion will occur every time a star transfer relative to another.

Figure three: A star may very well be depicted as a combination of a superconductor and a magnet. The superconductor is a result of the excessive conductivity of the plasma and the magnet is a result of the star magnetic field. The star magnetic subject is a mixture of the magnetic fields from the galaxy that magnetize the star and internal magnetic fields created by the induced currents within the sun. The mix of superconductor and a magnet repel the celebrities from each other and eradicate collision between them. Since galaxies include many stars in addition they might be depicted as a mix of magnet and a superconductor.

The repulsion and resistance to motion can clarify why there aren’t any collisions between primary sequence stars just like the sun. Although, there are hundred billion stars within the galaxy the principle sequence stars by no means collide. Different stars like neutron stars and white dwarf can collide because they don’t seem to be composed of plasma and wouldn’t have the property of superconductor. The neutron stars may very well be imagined solely as a magnet. Due to this fact neutron star will repel essential sequence stars like the sun. Nevertheless when two neutron stars come shut together they cannot repel one another because there isn’t a superconductor involve. Not solely their gravity pulls them together but their magnetic fields align and add pulling force. The north pole of 1 neutron star come close and attracts the south pole of the second neutron star. Observations of sudden gamma ray bursts in the universe are recognized to occur from neutron stars large collisions. Also white dwarfs are vulnerable to collide. Whit dwarfs are missing both plasma and magnetic fields. A few of the supernovae explosions are related with white dwarfs. Since neutron stars and white dwarfs can simply approach a star, many binary stars (for instance Sirius) include white dwarfs or neutron star. A technique to take a look at it’s to divide the stars into categories. One is just like the white dwarfs and is affected only by gravitational fields and basic relativity. The Second is effected by each the magnetic fields and the gravitational fields.

The galaxies just like the celebs inside them might be depicted also as a combination of magnet and superconductor. Seeing the galaxy as magnet and superconductor combination can simply clarify the repulsion between galaxies, leading to the expansion and acceleration of the universe. This model can even indicate that collisions between galaxies are rare. The rarity of collision between fundamental sequence stars is a transparent indication to the rarity of collision between galaxies. Most of the interacting galaxies observed are literally a creation of 1 galaxy from one other or in different worlds spawning of a smaller satellite tv for pc galaxy from a bigger galaxy.

Within the experiment of Figure 2 it was shown that superconductor won’t solely repel a magnet however will even resist any movement of the magnet relative to the tremendous conductor. As shown in Figure three the stars could be depicted as a mixture of superconductor and magnet. This result in a model of the galactic disk, proven in Figure four, that includes rings or layers of superconductor materials and magnets. The superconductor in such a model will resist any motion of magnets in relation to them. When magnets will move in relation to the superconductor induction currents will stream within the superconductor that in accordance with Lenz?s legislation will create magnetic fields that may oppose and repel the magnetic fields of the magnets. This means a inflexible mannequin of the galactic disk the place any movement of stars can be resisted. If we draw a rotation curve of the galactic disk in response to the mannequin of Determine 4 we’ll get a straight line as proven in Figure 5 where all stars have the identical angular velocity. Nonetheless the observed rotation curve as shown in Figure 6 implies that the angular velocity of stars removed from the galactic center is smaller then stars near the galactic center. Because of this there’s movement of the magnets relative to the superconductors and induction currents are created. For the reason that stars plasma will not be a perfect superconductor the currents create heat.

Determine 4: A star could be imagined as a pair of superconductor and a magnet. When one star strikes toward a second star in accordance with Lenz?s law the second star will repel the first star and oppose the movement. The magnetic fields of the primary star induce electro-motive forces and currents, in line with Faraday?s law, within the second star, and those currents create magnetic fields that repel the primary star. This means that the celebrities will resist relative movement in the galactic disk. This leads to the rigid model of the galactic disk proven on this figure and a rotation curve proven in Determine 5. The actual flat rotation curve of the galaxies implies that the stars transfer in relation to each other. This creates induction currents and warmth that gasoline the stars.

Determine 5: In response to the superconductor and magnet mannequin of the celebrities proven in Figure 4. The stars will resist slip in the galactic disk. Subsequently the relation between the star distance from the galactic center and rotational pace should be a straight line as shown on this graph. The deviation of the noticed rotation curve of the galaxies from this linear relation shows that a considerable slip happens. The slip indicates that enormous amount of heat is produced in the stars.

Figure 6: Rotation curve of a galaxy. The pace of stars on the galactic disk ought to obey Kepler legislation and have a velocity that’s inverse to the square of the space to the galactic center. Precise measurements find that the rotation curve is almost flat. As proven in Determine 7 this may very well be defined by rotating magnetic fields that increase the rate of the galactic disk. It may very well be additionally defined by the superconductor combined with magnet mannequin of the celebrities that resist slip on the galactic disk.

The fact, that there’s movement and slip in the galactic disk leads to a second mannequin of the galaxy Determine 7. In keeping with this mannequin the galactic disk is comprised of several concentric rings able to rotation on the identical axis with air gap between the rings. Every ring contains an inside iron layer and an outer layer comprised of magnets. The galactic heart within the mannequin is also comprised of magnets. The rotation of the galactic middle rotates the magnets at the galactic center and creates rotating magnetic fields. Those rotating magnetic fields induce current by the air hole in the iron layer of the first ring. The induced currents in line with Lenz?s legislation will create magnetic fields that oppose the magnetic fields of the galactic middle and will apply pressure to rotate the primary ring. The first ring magnets layer will induce currents in the second ring iron layer and can rotate the second ring and so on. This manner all the rings will rotate in the identical route but with different angular velocities. The interior ring could have the upper angular velocity and the most outer may have the smaller angular velocity. The rate distinction or slip implies that the magnetic fields of the magnets cross the iron layers and create heat.

Determine 7: The galactic disk could be imagined as rings of iron and magnets layers. The galactic middle within the model is comprised of rotating magnets, creating rotating magnetic fields. These magnetic fields rotate the iron layer of the second ring in accordance with Lenz?s law. The outer magnets of the second ring rotate the third ring and so forth. If the relation of a hoop distance from the middle to ring pace ought to be just like the graph in Figure 5, then every ring angular velocity must be the identical as its internal ring. If a hoop will not be with the same angular velocity but its angular velocity is slower then the interior ring (as in a galaxy rotation curve) a slip is created and the magnets of the inner ring heat the iron of the outer ring. In an exercise magnetic bike an iron wheel is spinning close to magnets that break its rotation. After a exercise you’ll be able to feel the heat coming from the iron wheel.

According to the fashions of Figure 4, 7 the observed flat rotation curve and its deviation from the expected rotation curve of the galaxy might be explained. The forces that the rotating magnetic fields within the galactic middle and within the galactic disk exert on the celebs improve their angular velocity.

In Figure 10 there is an alternate model of the magnetic fields emanating from the galactic center. In Figure 7 the galactic middle is depicted as a cylinder that stripes of north and south magnet poles are positioned parallel to the cylinder axis. This placement will allow the rotating galactic center to warmth the galactic disk by induction and to extend the angular velocity of the celebrities as observed by the flat rotation curve. Nevertheless as in Figure 10 the galactic center might be depicted as several magnetic dipoles. This may very well be created if there’s more the one black hole in the galactic heart or there is a combination of black holes and neutron stars. The accretion disks of black holes and neutron stars will create magnetic dipoles that will align in opposite directions to one another as shown in Determine 10.

With this association the induction heating and the elevated rotation speed of the galactic disk might be feasible.

Determine 10: The magnetic fields created by the galactic middle can be understood from this model. The galactic heart incorporates a number of magnetic dipoles created by black gap and neutron star accretion disks. These magnetic dipoles rotate with the galactic center, and ship changing magnetic fields to the galactic disk, that warmth the celebrities and enhance their rotational speed.

The induction that transfers energy from the galactic middle to the galactic disk does not require magnetic field within the galactic disk. The induction can be accomplished by what is known as ?induced electric fields?. For demonstration we are able to take an extended solenoid and put it inside a bigger copper ring that its diameter is 3 times then that of the solenoid. If we cross altering present in the solenoid it’ll create changing magnetic flux. The flux will induce in the ring current. However the ring shouldn’t be in a magnetic discipline therefore, we can’t say that the current in the ring is from affect of magnetic discipline on charged particles inside the ring. So it is explained by saying that ?induced electrical area? in the ring is attributable to the changing magnetic flux within the solenoid.

The induced electrical subject could be acknowledged with a modification of Faraday?s law.

Where is the magnetic flux via the solenoid, E is the induced electrical field in the ring and l is the circumference of the ring. Equally we will say that even when the galactic disk shouldn’t be in a magnetic area induction is possible. Altering magnetic flux on the galactic middle perpendicular to the galactic disk can induce currents within the stars by induced electrical fields.

Similarity to an electrical induction motor

The model of Determine 7 resembles in operation to an induction electric motor. The galactic middle of Figure 7 resembles the stator of such induction electric motor and the galactic disk resembles the rotor. The stator of an induction motor produces a rotating magnetic field. The rotating magnetic field cross the rotor and induce currents within the rotor. The currents create magnetic fields that attract the stator magnetic fields and rotate the rotor. The currents in the rotor are analogous to the currents that heat the celebrities in the galactic disk. Determine eight shows a graph of the rotor currents as a perform of the rotor speed. The rotor speed within the graph on the X axis is the distinction in percent of the rotor angular velocity and the stator magnetic fields angular velocity. The graph exhibits that when the rotor speed is an identical to the stator velocity no currents are induced in rotor. This case is analogous to a rotation curve of the galaxy much like that of Figure 5, with such rotation curve no currents are anticipated to circulation contained in the stars.

When the rotor speed in Figure eight decrease and the slip between the stator and the rotor enhance extra magnetic area lines cross the rotor and more current is induced. This is analogous to the observed rotation curve in Determine 6 the place there’s a slip in the galactic disk as demonstrated in the model of Determine 7. The currents within the rotor produce torque that by means of the rotor shaft can transmit mechanical work. This torque can clarify the deviation of the rotation curve of the galaxies from the expected rotation curve. The galactic heart applies this torque on the galactic disk to extend the velocity of the stars. For those who take an induction motor like a fan motor and block the fan, the motor will warmth very quickly as a result of the rotor currents are very high. This will reveal the warmth produced in the stars from the galactic disk slip. In abstract, the slip on the galactic disk make stars cross magnetic fields from other stars, this apply torque that improve the pace of the celebs and create heat.

Figure eight: Rotor present as a operate of rotor pace of an electrical induction motor. Because the rotor get slower the rotating magnetic field of the stator cross the rotor quicker and the rotor currents increase. The galactic center is analogous to the stator and the galactic disk is analogous to the rotor. The flat rotation curve of the galaxy in Determine 6 indicate that slip occur within the galactic disk leading to induction currents within the stars.

There are two constituents producing the changing magnetic fields within the galactic disk. One is the rotating magnetic fields from the galactic center. The second is the slip in the galactic disk. The magnetic fields from the galactic heart provide the power to the galactic disk and apply torque to extend the pace of the galactic disk. The galactic disk slip conveys the torque and vitality from the galactic middle to the outer sections of the galactic disk. The manufacturing of power and altering magnetic fields is on the galactic heart the place black gap accretion disk converts mass to energy.

The slip helps the inflexible behavior of the galactic disk Determine 4 and affects the star speed on the interior and outer sections of the galactic disk.

The torque on the stars within the galactic disk near galactic center is forward, from the galactic heart and backward, from the slip. Why the slip is pulling backward may very well be proven within the model of Determine 7 by the torque backward that an outer ring exerts on an internal ring. The torque on the celebrities on the outer sections of the galactic disk is forward by the slip.

Figure 9: The changing magnetic fields from the galactic heart create magnetic fields eddies within the galactic disk. Every of these eddies is a magnetic circuitry that embody million of start. Within the determine part of a magnetic circuitry is proven passing magnetic flux in close by stars. These changing magnetic fields create the solar solar cycle and alter the sun magnetic polarity from one solar cycle to the next. These changing magnetic fields heat the stars. Among the vitality they provide is transformed into mass and some is converted into electromagnetic radiation or luminosity.

Magnetic eddy circuitry

The galactic heart creates changing magnetic fields which are sent to the galactic disk to induce present and heat within the stars. When changing magnetic fields move via a big lump of iron or copper eddy currents are created and warmth the metal. These eddies are often chaotic in nature. Once we converse of the galactic disk we can’t converse of eddy currents because the house between the celebs is not conducting. Nevertheless the magnetic fields in the galactic disk may create eddies of magnetic fields and magnetic circuitry. Holding in mind that the celebrities are totally different in dimension and type and the distance between them just isn’t constant we are able to imagine that the magnetic fields are dispersed in very complex patterns. We will due to this fact predict that the galactic heart transmits energy to the far sections of the galactic disk not by far reaching magnetic fields but by magnetic eddies. Such magnetic eddy circuitry can encompass hundreds of thousands of stars. In Determine 9 a part of a magnetic circuitry is shown. The magnetic discipline traces are concentrated and cross by way of the stars because of the excessive magnetic permeability of the plasma. Those magnetic fields create the dipole sample of the solar magnetic field. In Determine 9 the focus of the magnetic fields by the celebs lower the magnetic subject in the close by left and proper of the stars. This magnetic shading reduces the magnetic fields within the photo voltaic planets and in earth.

The Ulysses probe was send above the sun poles and find strong magnetic fields at excessive altitude over the poles. The high altitude and strength of these magnetic fields is indication that the sun is part of large magnetic circuitry that cross the sun and embody many stars.

Effect on Earth and the solar planets

The photo voltaic planets have heat or vitality surplus. They’re hotter then what they suppose to be from the sun radiation. The heat surplus of the solar planets and earth might be explained by changing magnetic fields from the galactic center. The earth heat surplus is defined by the heat emitted by nuclear fission of heavy parts in earth. However the quantity of heavy components on the earth inside is unknown. It might be that nuclear heating can only produce few p.c of the heat of the earth inside and the remainder is from warmth produced by magnetic fields from the galactic center. The excessive permeability of the iron on the earth inside helps to pay attention the magnetic fields and produce extra heat. Robust evidence to the heating of earth by magnetic fields is the motion of the tectonic plates. The movement of the tectonic plates cannot be explained clearly by the convection model. The earth tectonic plates movement is a Magneto Hydrodynamics phenomena (MHD) caused by magnetic fields from the galactic center. The sturdy winds on the outer photo voltaic planets are also Magneto Hydrodynamics phenomena caused by magnetic fields from the galactic center.

Magnetic fields will change an elliptical trajectory of a star, planet or moon to a round trajectory. When for instance a moon with elliptical trajectory that its core is electrically conductive and it circles a planet that has important magnetic area, there might be induced currents and electro-driver that in line with Lenz?s law will resist any change of [spi